# Test Driven Development in C


---
### TDD recap
![[TDD cycle.excalidraw]]
* good for unit tests, if requirements are known (specification exists)

---
### cgreen testing framework
* readable
* mocking support
* different test reporters
	* align nicely in CI (`cobertura`/`xJunit`)
	* user friendly (`pretty`)
* test discovery (`cgreen-runner`)

---
### Example: "Calculator"
`inc/my_fancy_calculator.h`:
```c
int add(int a, int b);
```

`src/my_fancy_calculator.c`:
```c
#include "my_fancy_calculator.h"

int add(int a, int b) {
  return a - b;
}
```

---
### Unit tests with cgreen
`test/my_fancy_test.c`:
```c
#include <cgreen/cgreen.h>
#include <my_fancy_calculator.h>

Ensure(my_fancy_calculator_can_do_addition) {
  assert_that(add(2, 3), is_equal_to(5));
}
```

---
* automatic test discovery
`cgreen_runner libdemo_test.so`:
```
Running "libdemo_test" (1 test)...
../test/my_fancy_test.c:5: Failure: default -> my_fancy_calculator_can_do_addition
        Expected [add(2, 3)] to [equal] [5]
                actual value:                   [-1]
                expected value:                 [5]

  "default": 1 failure in 30ms.
Completed "libdemo_test": 1 failure in 30ms.
```

---
### BDD
Behavioral Driven Development

* isolated tests
	* via mocking
		* SDKs
		* Network
		* etc
	* via test fixtures (`BeforeEach`/`AfterEach`)
		* context setup and tear down
* good for reproducing bugs

---
### Example: MQTT client
```c
#include "mqtt_example.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <MQTTClient.h>

#define ADDRESS "tcp://localhost:1883"
#define CLIENTID "ExampleClientPub"
#define TOPIC "MQTT Examples"
#define QOS 1
#define TIMEOUT 10000L

int send_mqtt_msg(char *payload, size_t payload_len) {
  MQTTClient client;
  MQTTClient_connectOptions conn_opts = MQTTClient_connectOptions_initializer;
  MQTTClient_message pubmsg = MQTTClient_message_initializer;
  MQTTClient_deliveryToken token;

  int rc;

  MQTTClient_create(&client, ADDRESS, CLIENTID, MQTTCLIENT_PERSISTENCE_NONE, NULL);
  conn_opts.keepAliveInterval = 20;
  conn_opts.cleansession = 1;

  if ((rc = MQTTClient_connect(client, &conn_opts)) != MQTTCLIENT_SUCCESS) {
    printf("Failed to connect, return code %d\n", rc);
    exit(-1);
  }

  pubmsg.payload = payload;
  pubmsg.payloadlen = payload_len;
  pubmsg.qos = QOS;
  pubmsg.retained = 0;

  MQTTClient_publishMessage(client, TOPIC, &pubmsg, &token);
  printf("Waiting for up to %d seconds for publication of %s\n"
         "on topic %s for client with ClientID: %s\n",
         (int)(TIMEOUT/1000), payload, TOPIC, CLIENTID);
  rc = MQTTClient_waitForCompletion(client, token, TIMEOUT);
  printf("Message with delivery token %d delivered\n", token);
  MQTTClient_disconnect(client, 10000);
  MQTTClient_destroy(&client);

  return rc;
}
```

[Eclipse Paho](https://www.eclipse.org/paho/index.php?page=clients/c/index.php)

---
### Mocks in cgreen
```c
#include <MQTTClient.h>
#include <cgreen/mocks.h>

LIBMQTT_API int MQTTClient_create(MQTTClient* handle, const char* serverURI, const char* clientId, int persistence_type, void* persistence_context) {
  return (int)mock(handle);
}

LIBMQTT_API int MQTTClient_connect(MQTTClient handle, MQTTClient_connectOptions* options) {
  return (int)mock(handle);
}

LIBMQTT_API int MQTTClient_publishMessage(MQTTClient handle, const char* topicName, MQTTClient_message* msg, MQTTClient_deliveryToken* dt) {
  return (int)mock(msg->payload, msg->payloadlen);
}

LIBMQTT_API int MQTTClient_waitForCompletion(MQTTClient handle, MQTTClient_deliveryToken dt, unsigned long timeout) {
  return (int)mock();
}

LIBMQTT_API int MQTTClient_disconnect(MQTTClient handle, int timeout) {
  return (int)mock();
}

LIBMQTT_API void MQTTClient_destroy(MQTTClient* handle) {
  mock(handle);
}
```
---
### BDD-style unit test with cgreen
```c
Describe(mqtt_example);
BeforeEach(mqtt_example) {}
AfterEach(mqtt_example) {}

Ensure(mqtt_example, payload_is_sent) {
  // Arrange
  MQTTClient mock_handle = NOT_NULL;
  char *payload = "Hello World.";
  size_t payload_len = strlen(payload);

  // Expect
  expect(MQTTClient_create,
        will_set_contents_of_parameter(handle,
                                       &mock_handle,
                                        sizeof(mock_handle)));
  expect(MQTTClient_connect,
         when(handle,
              is_equal_to(mock_handle)),
         will_return(MQTTCLIENT_SUCCESS));
  expect(MQTTClient_publishMessage,
         when(msg->payload,
              is_equal_to_string(payload)),
         when(msg->payloadlen,
              is_equal_to(payload_len)));
  expect(MQTTClient_waitForCompletion,
         will_return(MQTTCLIENT_SUCCESS));
  expect(MQTTClient_disconnect);
  expect(MQTTClient_destroy);

  // Act
  send_mqtt_msg(payload, payload_len);
}
```
---
### cgreen learning mock mode

```c
#include <cgreen/cgreen.h>
#include <mqtt_example.h>

// [mock definitions]

Describe(mqtt_example);
BeforeEach(mqtt_example) {
  cgreen_mocks_are(learning_mocks);
}
AfterEach(mqtt_example) {}

Ensure(mqtt_example, payload_is_sent) {
  // Arrange
  char *payload = "Hello World.";
  size_t payload_len = strlen(payload);

  // Expect
  // TODO

  // Act
  send_mqtt_msg(payload, payload_len);
}
```

---
### learned mocks
```c
stdout:
Running "libmqtt_example_test" (1 test)...
Waiting for up to 10 seconds for publication of Hello World.
on topic MQTT Examples for client with ClientID: ExampleClientPub
Message with delivery token 0 delivered
  "mqtt_example": No assertions.
Completed "libmqtt_example_test": No assertions.
stderr:
mqtt_example -> payload_is_sent : Learned mocks are
        expect(MQTTClient_create, when(handle, is_equal_to(140735561153976)));
        expect(MQTTClient_connect, when(handle, is_equal_to(0)));
        expect(MQTTClient_publishMessage, when(msg->payload, is_equal_to(139884358905951)), when(msg->payloadlen, is_equal_to(12)));
        expect(MQTTClient_waitForCompletion);
        expect(MQTTClient_disconnect);
        expect(MQTTClient_destroy, when(handle, is_equal_to(140735561153976)));
```

---
### Whats next?
Try it out!
![cgreen logo](https://github.com/cgreen-devs/cgreen/raw/master/doc/logo.png?s=300)
* [cgreen tutorial](https://cgreen-devs.github.io/cgreen/cgreen-guide-en.html)
* [cgreen repo](https://github.com/cgreen-devs/cgreen)
* [cgreen cheat sheet](https://cgreen-devs.github.io/cgreen/cheat-sheet.html)

---
### Some disclaimers
* cgreen's buildsystem is `CMAKE`
* `meson` usage with `cgreen-runner` does not work out of the box
	* see [repo of this talk](https://git.dezentrale.cloud/oniboni/tdd-in-c.git) for example setup
* but.. cgreen is availabe on most common linux distros (`-lcgreen`, `find_program`, etc should work just fine)

---
### [backup] TDD test structure

* arrange
* act -- test function
* assert

---
### [backup] BDD test structure

* arrange (via test fixtures)
* expect -- setup behavior of mocks
* act -- entry function to trigger behavior
* (assert) -- check post conditions