docs: add documentation for gluon-web
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Matthias Schiffer
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Controllers
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===========
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Controllers live in ``/lib/gluon/web/controller``. They define which pages ("routes")
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exist under the ``/cgi-bin/gluon`` path, and what code is run when these pages are requested.
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Controller scripts mostly consist of calls of the `entry` function, which each define
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one route:
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.. code-block:: lua
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entry({"admin"}, alias("admin", "info"), _("Advanced settings"), 10)
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entry({"admin", "info"}, template("admin/info"), _("Information"), 1)
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The entry function expects 4 arguments:
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- `path`: Components of the path to define a route for.
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The above example defines routes for the paths ``admin`` and ``admin/info``.
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- `target`: Dispatcher for the route. See the following section for details.
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- `title`: Page title (also used in navigation). The underscore function is used
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- `order`: Sort index in navigation (defaults to 100)
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Navigation indexes are automatically generated for each path level. Pages can be
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hidden from the navigation by setting the `hidden` property of the node object
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returned by `entry`:
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.. code-block:: lua
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entry({"hidden"}, alias("foo"), _("I'm hidden!")).hidden = true
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Dispatchers
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-----------
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- *alias* (*path*, ...): Redirects to a different page. The path components are
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passed as individual arguments.
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- *call* (*func*, ...): Runs a Lua function for custom request handling. The given
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function is called with the HTTP object and the template renderer as first
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two arguments, followed by all additional arguments passed to `call`.
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- *template* (*view*): Renders the given view. See :doc:`view`.
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- *model* (*name*): Displays and evaluates a form as defined by the given model. See the
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:doc:`model` page for an explanation of gluon-web models.
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.. _web-controller-http:
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The HTTP object
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---------------
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The HTTP object provides information about the HTTP requests and allows to add
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data to the reply. Using it directly is rarely necessary when gluon-web
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models and views are used.
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Useful functions:
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- *getenv* (*key*): Returns a value from the CGI environment passed by the webserver.
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- *formvalue* (*key*): Returns a value passed in a query string or in the content
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of a POST request. If multiple values with the same name have been passed, only
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the first is returned.
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- *formvaluetable* (*key*): Similar to *formvalue*, but returns a table of all
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values for the given key.
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- *status* (*code*, *message*): Writes the HTTP status to the reply. Has no effect
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if a status has already been sent or non-header data has been written.
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- *header* (*key*, *value*): Adds an HTTP header to the reply to be sent to to
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the client. Has no effect when non-header data has already been written.
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- *prepare_content* (*mime*): Sets the *Content-Type* header to the given MIME
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type, potentially setting additional headers or modifying the MIME type to
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accommodate browser quirks
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- *write* (*data*, ...): Sends the given data to the client. If headers have not
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been sent, it will be done before the data is written.
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HTTP functions are called in method syntax, for example:
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.. code-block:: lua
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http:write('Output!')
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.. _web-controller-template-renderer:
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The template renderer
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---------------------
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The template renderer allows to render templates (views). The most useful functions
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are:
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- *render* (*view*, *scope*): Renders the given view, optionally passing a table
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with additional variables to make available in the template.
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- *render_string* (*str*, *scope*): Same as *render*, but the template is passed
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directly instead of being loaded from the view directory.
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The renderer functions are called in property syntax, for example:
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.. code-block:: lua
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renderer.render('layout')
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Differences from LuCI
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---------------------
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- Controllers must not use the *module* function to define a Lua module (*gluon-web*
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will set up a proper environment for each controller itself)
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- Entries are defined at top level, not inside an *index* function
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- The *alias* dispatcher triggers an HTTP redirect instead of directly running
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the dispatcher of the aliased route.
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- The *call* dispatcher is passed a function instead of a string with a function
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name.
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- The *cbi* dispatcher of LuCI has been renamed to *model*.
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- The HTTP POST handler support the multipart/form-data encoding only, so
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``enctype="multipart/form-data"`` must be included in all *<form>* HTML
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elements.
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- Other dispatchers like *form* are not provided.
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Models
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======
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Models are defined in ``/lib/gluon/web/model``. Each model defines one or more
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forms to display on a page, and how the submitted form data is handled.
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Let's start with an example:
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.. code-block:: lua
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local f = Form(translate('Hostname'))
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local s = f:section(Section)
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local o = s:option(Value, 'hostname', translate('Hostname'))
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o.default = uci:get_first('system', 'system', 'hostname')
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function o:write(data)
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uci:set('system', uci:get_first('system', 'system'), 'hostname', data)
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uci:commit('system')
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end
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return f
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The toplevel element of a model is always a *Form*, but it is also possible for
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a model to return multiple forms, which are displayed one below the other.
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A *Form* has one or more *Sections*, and each *Section* has different types
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of options.
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All of these elements have an *id*, which is used to identify them in the HTML
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form and handlers. If no ID is given, numerical IDs will be assigned automatically,
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but using explicitly named elements is often advisable (and it is required if a
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form does not always include the same elements, i.e., some forms, sections or
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options are added conditionally). IDs are hierarchical, so in the above example,
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the *Value* would get the ID ``1.1.hostname`` (value *hostname* in first section
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of first form).
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Classes and methods
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-------------------
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- *Form* (*title*, *description*, *id*)
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- *Form:section* (*type*, *title*, *description*, *id*)
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Creates a new section of the given type (usually *Section*).
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- *Form:write* ()
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Is called after the form has beed submitted (but only if the data is valid). It
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is called last (after all options' *write* methods) and is usually used
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to commit changed UCI packages.
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The default implementation of *write* doesn't to anything, but it can be
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overridden.
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- *Section* (usually instanciated through *Form:section*)
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- *Section:option* (*type*, *id*, *title*, *description*)
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Creates a new option of the given type. Option types:
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- *Value*: simple text entry
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- *TextValue*: multiline text field
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- *ListValue*: radio buttons or dropdown selection
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- *DynamicList*: variable number of text entry fields
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- *Flag*: checkbox
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Most option types share the same properties and methods:
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- *default*: default value
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- *optional*: value may be empty
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- *datatype*: one of the types described in :ref:`web-model-datatypes`
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By default (when *datatype* is *nil*), all values are accepted.
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- *state*: has one of the values *FORM_NODATA*, *FORM_VALID* and *FORM_INVALID*
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when read in a form handler
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An option that has not been submitted because of its dependencies will have
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the state *FORM_NODATA*, *FORM_INVALID* if the submitted value is not valid
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according to the set *datatype*, and *FORM_VALID* otherwise.
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- *data*: can be read in form handlers to get the submitted value
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- *depends* (*self*, *option*, *value*): adds a dependency on another option
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The option will only be shown when the passed option has the given value. This
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is mainly useful when the other value is a *Flag* or *ListValue*.
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- *depends* (*self*, *deps*): adds a dependency on multiple other options
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*deps* must be a table with options as keys and values as values. The option
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will only be shown when all passed options have the corresponding values.
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Multiple alternative dependencies can be added by calling *depends* repeatedly.
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- *value* (*self*, *value*, *text*): adds a choice to a *ListValue*
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- *write* (*self*, *data*): is called with the submitted value when all form data is valid.
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Does not do anything by default, but can be overridden.
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The *default* value, the *value* argument to *depends* and the output *data* always have
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the same type, which is usually a string (or *nil* for optional values). Exceptions
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are:
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- *Flag* uses boolean values
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- *DynamicList* uses a table of strings
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Despite its name, the *datatype* setting does not affect the returned value type,
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but only defines a validator the check the submitted value with.
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For a more complete example that actually makes use of most of these features,
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have a look at the model of the *gluon-web-network* package.
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.. _web-model-datatypes:
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Data types
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----------
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- *integer*: an integral number
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- *uinteger*: an integral number greater than or equal to zero
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- *float*: a number
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- *ufloat*: a number greater than or equal to zero
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- *ipaddr*: an IPv4 or IPv6 address
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- *ip4addr*: an IPv4 address
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- *ip6addr*: an IPv6 address
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- *wpakey*: a string usable as a WPA key (either between 8 and 63 characters, or 64 hex digits)
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- *range* (*min*, *max*): a number in the given range (inclusive)
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- *min* (*min*): a number greater than or equal to the given minimum
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- *max* (*max*): a number less than or equal to the given maximum
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- *irange* (*min*, *max*): an integral number in the given range (inclusive)
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- *imin* (*min*): an integral number greater than or equal to the given minimum
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- *imax* (*max*): an integral number less than or equal to the given maximum
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- *minlength* (*min*): a string with the given minimum length
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- *maxlength* (*max*): a string with the given maximum length
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Differences from LuCI
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---------------------
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- LuCI's *SimpleForm* and *SimpleSection* are called *Form* and *Section*, respectively
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- Is it not possible to add options to a *Form* directly, a *Section* must always
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be created explicitly
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- Many of LuCI's CBI classes have been removed, most importantly the *Map*
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- The *rmempty* option attribute does not exist, use *optional* instead
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- Only the described data types are supported
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- Form handlers work completely differently (in particular, a *Form*'s *handle*
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method should usually not be overridden in *gluon-web*)
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Views
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=====
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The template parser reads views from ``/lib/gluon/web/view``. Writing own view
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should be avoided in favour of using :doc:`model` with their predefined views.
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Views are partial HTML pages, with additional template tags that allow
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to embed Lua code and translation strings. The following tags are defined:
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- ``<%`` ... ``%>`` evaluates the enclosed Lua expression.
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- ``<%=`` ... ``%>`` evaluates the enclosed Lua expression and prints its value.
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- ``<%+`` ... ``%>`` includes another template.
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- ``<%:`` ... ``%>`` translates the enclosed string using the loaded i18n catalog.
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- ``<%_`` ... ``%>`` translates the enclosed string *without escaping HTML entities*
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in the translation. This only makes sense when the i18n catalog contains HTML code.
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- ``<%#`` ... ``%>`` is a comment.
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All of these also come in the whitespace-stripping variants ``<%-`` and ``-%>`` that
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remove all whitespace before or after the tag.
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Complex combinations of HTML and Lua code are possible, for example:
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.. code-block:: text
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<div>
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<% if foo then %>
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Content
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<% end %>
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</div>
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Variables and functions
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-----------------------
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Many call sites define additional variables (for example, model templates can
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access the model as *self* and an unique element ID as *id*), but the following
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variables and functions should always be available for the embedded Lua code:
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- *renderer*: :ref:`web-controller-template-renderer`
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- *http*: :ref:`web-controller-http`
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- *request*: Table containing the path components of the current page
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- *url* (*path*): returns the URL for the given path, which is passed as a table of path components.
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- *attr* (*key*, *value*): Returns a string of the form ``key="value"``
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(with a leading space character before the key).
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*value* is converted to a string (tables are serialized as JSON) and HTML entities
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are escaped. Returns an empty string when *value* is *nil* or *false*.
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- *include* (*template*): Includes another template.
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- *node* (*path*, ...): Returns the controller node for the given page (passed as
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one argument per path component).
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Use ``node(unpack(request))`` to get the node for the current page.
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- *pcdata* (*str*): Escapes HTML entities in the passed string.
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- *urlencode* (*str*): Escapes the passed string for use in an URL.
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- *translate* and *translatef*: see :doc:`i18n`
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@ -41,11 +41,21 @@ Developer Documentation
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dev/basics
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dev/hardware
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dev/upgrade
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dev/configmode
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dev/wan
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dev/i18n
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dev/mac_addresses
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gluon-web Reference
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. toctree::
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:maxdepth: 1
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dev/web/controller
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dev/web/model
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dev/web/view
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dev/web/i18n
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dev/web/config-mode
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Packages
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--------
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